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Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals

Fundamentación de la metafísica de las costumbres

Nicomachean Ethics

Ética Nicomáquea

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Practical Ethics

Ética Práctica

The driving question behind this philosophical exploration is the nature of justice: why humans choose to act justly, and whether justice is innately beneficial, or simply a concept enforced by the powerful onto the weak. To delve into these questions, a definition of justice is proposed that focuses on human psychology, rather than observable actions, asserting that justice holds intrinsic value. The exploration leads to the presentation of justice as a principle of specialization, which states that every individual should commit to the societal role they are naturally suited for and avoid meddling in other roles.

This philosophical journey proposes an analogy between societal justice and individual justice. It postulates that the soul of each person is divided into three components: the rational, desiring truth; the spirited, craving honor; and the appetitive, lusting primarily after wealth. The idea is that societal justice is mirrored in an individual when the rational component governs, supported by the spirited, with the appetitive following the rational. This concept is further expanded by aligning these components with societal classes: producers are driven by their appetites, warriors by their spirits, and rulers by their rational faculties. The rulers, or philosopher kings, are the focus of the narrative as they possess knowledge of the Forms - abstract realities that exist in relation to the visible world.

A series of allegories are used to detail the philosophers' understanding of the Forms, the ultimate one being 'the Form of the Good', the source of all knowledge, truth, and beauty. The philosophers, through their desire for truth, transcend the visible world to grasp the nature of the Forms. It's further argued that the philosophers are the most just, as they aim to fulfill the desires of the rational part of the soul. Finally, it's proposed that justice, intrinsically connected to the Forms, is the greatest good because it enables the assimilation of the ultimate good - the Form of the Good - into one's life. Interestingly, the narrative ends by denouncing poetry for appealing to the basest part of the soul and promoting injustice, reinforcing the importance of justice in both society and the individual.

9 Best Ethics Books of All Time

Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals

Nicomachean Ethics

Practical Ethics

The Republic

Reasons and Persons

What We Owe to Each Other

Utilitarianism

The Fundamentals of Ethics

Ethics

History, Theory, and Contemporary Issues

Sources

What To Read Next

9 Best Ethics Books of All Time

Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals

Nicomachean Ethics

Practical Ethics

The Republic

Reasons and Persons

What We Owe to Each Other

Utilitarianism

The Fundamentals of Ethics

Ethics

History, Theory, and Contemporary Issues

Sources

What To Read Next

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