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Henry VI, Part 3

Henry VI, Part 3 Summary

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Here you will find a Henry VI, Part 3 summary (William Shakespeare's book).
We begin with a summary of the entire book, and then you can read each individual chapter's summary by visiting the links on the "Chapters" section.

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Last Updated: Monday 1 Jan, 2024

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Henry VI, Part 3 Summary Overview

In the aftermath of a significant battle, Duke of York, with his sons and followers enters the palace, questioning the whereabouts of King Henry. Despite King Henry's sudden entrance, York declares his right to the throne, a claim disputed by Henry. York eventually agrees to allow Henry to reign for the duration of his life, agreeing to ascend to the throne upon Henry's death. However, the nobility, particularly Queen Margaret, are horrified by this arrangement, with Margaret accusing Henry of disowning his son. In the town of York, York's sons Edward and Richard, along with their ally Montague, persuade York to seize the throne without waiting for Henry's death. The ensuing fight results in York's capture and subsequent death at the hands of Margaret and Clifford. Following their father's death, Edward and Richard, along with Warwick and Montague, prepare to fight Margaret's forces once again. The battles are brutal, with Clifford dying and King Henry disappearing. After their victory, Edward, Richard, and George head to London to crown Edward as the new king. Meanwhile, the wandering Henry is captured by two men who are loyal to Edward. In the midst of the political upheaval, Edward falls in love with Lady Gray and decides to marry her. However, his decision is not well received by his brothers. Richard, unhappily reflects on his physical deformities and speculates about his possible path to the throne. In France, Warwick switches alliances and joins Margaret after being sent on a futile mission to ask for the hand of the king of France's sister for Edward. Upon learning this, Edward's brother George is so upset that he decides to leave Edward's side and join Warwick. However, Edward is eventually able to escape the ensuing capture and imprisonment, and with the help of his loyal men, he manages to secure the crown again.

act 1 scene 1

The Duke of York arrives at the Parliament House in London alongside his sons Edward and Richard, accompanied by Norfolk, Montague, and Warwick. They discuss their recent victories and the disappearance of the king. Warwick encourages York to take the throne, so they ascend and York occupies the seat, determined to capture the crown. King Henry appears with Clifford, Westmorland, Northumberland, Exeter, and other noblemen. He alerts his followers to York's ambition to claim the crown, a man who has murdered the fathers of Clifford and Northumberland. Despite his followers' urge to attack, Henry prefers a verbal duel, cautious of York's ready army. He implores York to leave the throne, initiating heated exchanges between the lords. Henry questions York's lineage and credibility to rule, accusing York's father of being a simple Duke, unlike Henry's father, the King. However, York snaps back, highlighting Henry's loss of the French territories won by his predecessor. Despite Richard and Edward's attempts to encourage York's ascendancy, Henry's lords hush them. York maintains his royal lineage claim, though Henry remains steadfast in keeping his throne, a position held by his father and grandfather. He acknowledges that York's claim of his grandfather's ill-gotten crown through rebellion is correct. York's arguments win over Exeter who switches allegiance, leaving Henry fearful of losing more support. Clifford pledges to fight for Henry irrespective of the legitimacy of his reign. Warwick insists that Henry recognize York's claim or face a military incursion. In a surprising move, Henry proposes to rule during his lifetime and let the throne pass to York's heirs after his death. This agreement angers Clifford and leads to an exodus of Henry's lords. Yet, Henry and York finalize the agreement, with York vowing not to revolt against Henry, and descends from the throne after embracing Henry. Henry, Exeter, Margaret, and Prince Edward convene. Margaret berates Henry, expressing regret for their marriage and his apparent disregard for their son's inheritance. Henry attempts to justify his actions, blaming York and Warwick's coercion. Margaret criticizes him for jeopardizing his reign and endangering himself by aligning with the Yorks. She vows to distance herself from him until he reverses the agreement. Prince Edward declares he will return only after a battlefield victory. Reflecting on Margaret's anger, Henry discerns that her maternal instincts have provoked her wrath towards York. He asks Exeter for assistance in reconciling with his lords.

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Richard, Edward, and Montague are arguing in York's stronghold. York appears and inquires about the dispute. The sons question their father about the monarchy, which York assures they will inherit upon Henry's death. They persuade him to seize power immediately, fearing Henry will outlive York. York, however, maintains he swore to let Henry reign peacefully. Richard argues this oath is not legally enforceable as it wasn't taken before a legal official, and encourages his father to contest the crown. York is quickly swayed. He instructs Montague to head to London to rally Warwick and other friendly lords. Simultaneously, a courier arrives with the report that the queen's forces are advancing to attack York's fortress. This prompts York to expedite Montague's mission and brace for battle, just as several kin arrive with their troops to withstand the female-led opposition.

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Rutland, York's youngest offspring, and his tutor are intercepted by Clifford while en route to York's fortress. Rutland implores Clifford to spare his life, suggesting he confront his father instead. Yet, Clifford is resolute in his decision to retaliate against York for the murder of his father. He claims that annihilating York's entire lineage and violating their graves would not quench his anger. Rutland pleads once more, arguing Clifford has no justification to end his life. Nevertheless, Clifford deems it sufficient reason and proceeds to slay Rutland.

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On the war front, York watches as some of his lords perish and Queen Margaret's forces triumph. His troops fail to overpower Margaret's army, leading York to foresee his end. Margaret, along with Clifford, Northumberland, and Prince Edward, walks in. Clifford announces York's time is up, but York foresees a phoenix avenging him from his remnants. Clifford aims to finish York, but Margaret restrains him. A battle ensues among Northumberland, Clifford, and York, resulting in York's capture. Margaret ridicules captive York's royal aspirations, questioning the whereabouts of his protective sons. She taunts him with a blood-stained handkerchief from Rutland, suggesting it can wipe his tears. Her callousness doesn't elicit a reaction from York, leading her to label him mad. She insinuates that his silence can only be broken by a crown. She crowns him with a paper crown, evoking his vow to disinherit Henry's son—a promise he now seeks to violate by reclaiming his crown during Henry's lifetime. She deems his attempts unforgivable, swatting the paper crown off his head. York retorts, denouncing Margaret's abnormality in commanding an army. He brands her wicked, belittles her father's scant nobility, and highlights his destitution. He criticizes her lack of beauty, virtue, and self-control, declaring her loathsome. He questions her womanhood, linking it to her presenting a blood-soaked handkerchief from a child to its father. He pledges to weep and rage if that's what she demands. While York labels Margaret monstrous, Northumberland expresses sympathy for York, noting his visible pain. York is murdered by Clifford and Margaret. Margaret commands to display York's severed head on the town gates of York.

act 2 scene 1

Edward and Richard are on the battlefield, curious about their father's location. Richard recounts seeing their father, York, engaged in intense combat and expresses pride in being his son. They observe three suns appearing on the horizon and merging together, which prompts Edward to interpret it as a signal for the three York brothers to unite and dominate the world. Richard, however, is doubtful about this interpretation. Soon, a messenger brings the tragic news of York's death. York was apprehended after a tough battle and was killed cruelly by Clifford and Margaret post Margaret's scornful act of waving a handkerchief soaked with Rutland's blood. Devastated, Edward wishes for his own death as he mourns his father, saying, "Now my soul's palace is become a prison / Ah, would she break from hence that this my body / Might in the ground be close up in rest. / For never henceforth shall I joy again" (2.1.74-6). Richard, seized by anger instead of grief, swears to avenge his father's death. Upon inheriting the dukedom from his father, Edward is corrected by Richard who asserts that they've inherited not just the dukedom but the throne and the kingdom, too. The scene is interrupted by the arrival of Warwick and Montague. After Richard shares the tragic news, Warwick conveys his own; he has already known about York's fall and had gathered his troops to tackle Queen Margaret, who was headed to London to annul Henry's pact with York. Despite Warwick's soldiers' valiant efforts, they lost. He also informs them about the return of George, their other brother, from France. Richard comments on the severity of the battle, given that Warwick's retreat is unheard of. Warwick proposes they should march to London to protect York’s agreement with Henry about the succession, and Edward consents, accepting his new status as the Duke of York. As they ready themselves, a messenger announces the impending arrival of the Queen's army.

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Henry, Margaret, Clifford, Northumberland, and Prince Edward reach the town of York. Margaret sees York's head on the city walls, but Henry cautions her against seeking revenge. Clifford talks about the concept of family in nature, emphasizing that animals protect their young while fiercely opposing their foes. He encourages Henry to alter his approach of being pleasant towards York, his adversary, and harsh towards his own son. Clifford advises Henry to reclaim his kingdom and ensure his son's inheritance rights. However, Henry maintains that a father's inheritance isn't always valued by the son. He intends to leave his virtuous deeds to his son, rather than a kingdom. Margaret interjects to remind Henry of his promise to knight their son, which he fulfills. A message is received about Warwick's forces drawing near. Clifford suggests Henry to evacuate the battlefield as Margaret performs better in his absence. Edward, along with Warwick, Richard, George, Norfolk, and Montague, arrive. George accuses Margaret of undermining the agreement between York and Henry. Richard and Clifford engage in a heated exchange. Warwick interrupts to demand the crown from Henry. All the lords engage in threats and quarrels. Margaret insists that Henry either assert himself or remain quiet, but he insists on his royal right to speak. The argument continues with Clifford and Richard, Edward and Warwick demanding the crown from Henry, and Prince Edward urging his father to resist. Edward belittles Margaret, blaming her pride for the ongoing conflict. He states that the Yorks would have shown mercy to a gentle king if Margaret hadn't been so greedy for power. Edward decides to stop trying to negotiate with Margaret, suggesting instead they settle the matter on the battlefield. Margaret tries to reason with Edward, but he retorts that her actions will lead to many battlefield casualties.

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Warwick is joined by Edward, followed by George and Richard in the midst of combat. Their side is losing; Richard informs Warwick about the demise of their half-brother. In anger, Warwick promises vengeance. He pledges to continue the fight until their side emerges victorious. Edward echoes his vow, and they, along with the brothers and the remaining soldiers, plunge back into battle.

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Richard races to pursue Clifford, motivated by vengeance for his slain kin. A fight ensues and Warwick steps in to support Richard, making Clifford scarper. Richard, however, requests Warwick to keep his distance while he continues his relentless pursuit of Clifford on his own.

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Henry, observing a battle, compares the fluctuating conflict to the ocean waves. He sits atop a hill contemplating his sorrow-filled life, imagining a simpler existence as a shepherd. A soldier appears, stripping a dead comrade of his armor and valuables. Upon removing the helmet, the soldier is horrified to find he has killed his own father, a servant of Warwick. Henry reflects on the tragedy, noting the hardships of ordinary people during such power struggles. Another soldier enters, similarly looking for loot on a fallen body. He too experiences a shocking revelation when he discovers he has killed his own son. Henry laments the unnatural times they live in and the devastating consequences of the nobles' conflict. He ponders on the nation's anger at its king as the soldiers exit, leaving him alone in his sorrow. Prince Edward, Margaret, and Exeter arrive urging Henry to escape as Warwick's forces are winning. Clifford, severely wounded, enters regretting his imminent demise and fearing for Henry's future without his support. He wishes Henry had been a stronger king to prevent York's rise to power, sparing thousands of lives. Edward, Richard, George, Warwick, and Montague enter discussing their victory. On finding Clifford's body, Warwick orders York's head be replaced with Clifford's on the town wall. The lords mock the dying Clifford, who doesn't respond. Warwick urges Edward, Richard, and George to claim the crown in London while he seeks a French alliance through Lady Bona's hand for Edward. Edward bestows the titles of Duke of Gloucester and Duke of Clarence on Richard and George respectively. Despite Richard's reservations about the unlucky title, they proceed towards London.

act 3 scene 1

Two gamekeepers are in a Scottish forest when they spot an approaching man, King Henry, who is now a fugitive from the war-torn England. They eavesdrop on Henry, listening to his concerns about Margaret and Prince Edward's journey to France for support, and Warwick's separate mission to propose Edward's marriage to the French king's sister. He is anxious that the persuasive Warwick will convince the French monarch. The gamekeepers confront Henry, questioning his royal status by asking about his crown. He replies that his crown is in his heart. They apprehend him, pledging their loyalty to Edward. When Henry questions their oath to him, they clarify that they served him only during his reign. Seeing the fickleness of the common people, Henry accepts his arrest and is led away by the gamekeepers.

act 3 scene 2

Within the royal palace, King Edward, Richard, George, and Lady Gray engage in a conversation about the latter's property. With her husband dead, her assets seized, she seeks to reclaim them. Richard and George suspect Edward intends to return her property in hopes of winning her over, and observe the exchange. Edward suggests that her property can be returned if she adores the king—an offer she accepts only as a subject, not a lover. Edward, failing to sway her, proposes marriage. Despite considering herself unfit to be a queen and believing he's joking, Edward reassures her of his sincerity. Afterwards, Edward shares his matrimonial plans with his brothers. Their surprise is interrupted by news of Henry's capture and confinement in the Tower. Everyone departs for the Tower, leaving Richard by himself. Alone, Richard reflects on the unexpected happenings and hopes Edward's bride won't bear offspring. He mentally lists those next in line for the throne, dreaming of his own ascension. He contemplates alternative paths to the throne and ponders a life of pleasure, surrounded by opulence and women, but admits: "Why, Love foreswore me in my mother's womb.... / She did corrupt frail nature with some bribe / To shrink mine arm up like a withered shrub / To make an envious mountain on my back... / To disproportion me in every part..." (3.2.153-60). He expresses his belief that his physical deformities make him unloveable. Given his deformities, Richard resolves to gain power over those more attractive than him. He plans to focus on the throne, sowing chaos until he wears the crown. He likens his position to being lost in a thorny woods, pricked and unsure of the path forward. He decides to resort to bloodshed and manipulation, declaring: "Why, I can smile, and murder whiles I smile, / And cry 'Content!' to that which grieves my heart, / And wet my cheeks with artificial fears, / And frame my face to all occasions.... / I can add colours to the chameleon / Change shapes with Proteus for advantages, / And set the murderous Machiavel to school. / Can I do this, and cannot get a crown?" (3.2.182-5,191-94).

act 3 scene 3

Louis, the French king, shares the throne room with Lady Bona, Prince Edward, Margaret, and Oxford. Margaret shares her woes with Louis, describing how Henry was dethroned and fled to Scotland, and how Edward usurped the throne. Hoping for assistance, she and her son plead with Louis. Warwick soon steps in, bearing greetings from Edward and requesting Lady Bona's hand on Edward's behalf. Margaret protests, labeling Edward as a tyrant and reminding Louis that Henry and his son are still alive. Warwick counters her by reminding everyone of Henry's grandfather's illegal ascension to the throne. Amidst growing arguments between Warwick and Oxford, Louis requests a private conversation with Warwick. Warwick assures Louis of Edward's rightful rule and his love for Lady Bona. Convinced, Louis decides to give Bona to Edward, despite Margaret's disagreement, as he believes Henry's claim to the throne is weak. However, a messenger arrives with letters stating that Edward has married Lady Gray, refusing Lady Bona and French alliance. Warwick feels disrespected by Edward's actions, switching his loyalty back to Henry. Margaret forgives him, and they ask Louis for troops to dethrone Edward. Louis agrees and they send messages to Edward, with Margaret announcing her return to the battlefield. Warwick promises his allegiance to Margaret by offering his daughter's hand to Prince Edward. Alone, Warwick reflects on his trip; he came to represent Edward but leaves as an enemy. He had supported Edward's rise to the throne, but now, he will be pivotal in his downfall.

act 4 scene 1

Richard, George, Somerset, and Montague are disapproving of Edward's choice to wed Lady Gray before Warwick's return. When Edward appears with Lady Gray and other nobles like Hastings, he questions his brothers' feelings about his marriage. They claim to be as content as Louis or Warwick, but Edward retorts by emphasizing his kingly rights. George points out Louis's enmity and Warwick's alienation due to Edward's abrupt marriage. Montague argues that a French alliance would have fortified the kingdom, yet Hastings asserts England's inherent strength. Richard accuses Edward of planning a marriage for Lady Gray's brother with another lord's daughter, a match he feels would have been more appropriate for him or George. Edward reiterates his royal authority, refusing to be swayed by his brothers' desires. A messenger arrives from France with updates: Warwick's new allegiance, Margaret's readiness for battle, and Louis and Lady Bona's discontent. Learning of Warwick's strengthened bond with Margaret through a marriage arrangement for his daughter and Prince Edward, George decides to wed Warwick's other daughter, exiting the scene with Somerset. Richard stays, not out of loyalty to Edward, but in pursuit of the crown. Edward then questions Hastings and Montague's allegiance, to which they reply positively.

act 4 scene 2

Warwick, along with Oxford, come to England's coast at the head of a French troop. They are soon joined by George and Somerset, much to Warwick's delight. A scheme to seize Edward is then proposed by Warwick.

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Edward's tent is watched over by three guards. Warwick, joined by George, Oxford, and Somerset, attacks the tent. Richard and Hastings manage to escape, but Edward is captured by Warwick. Warwick criticizes Edward for his inadequate ruling skills, pointing out his misuse of ambassadors, failure to adhere to matrimonial plans, inability to treat his siblings fairly, and neglect towards his subjects' well-being. Edward, noticing George among Warwick's supporters, realizes he has no choice but to surrender. Nevertheless, he assures Warwick that he will remain king, even if his reign is compromised. Warwick takes away Edward's crown and instructs Somerset to imprison him in the Archbishop of York's residence. The soldiers get ready to head to London to restore Henry to the throne.

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Lady Gray and her sibling, Rivers, arrive at the royal mansion. The news that Edward is now a captive is shared by Lady Gray. Rivers harbors a hope that Warwick might set things off, while Lady Gray restrains her sadness, opting for strength due to her pregnancy. She advises Rivers and other Edward loyalists to escape, while she seeks refuge at a sanctuary to safeguard the legitimate successor to the throne.

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Richard and Hastings approach the vicinity of the Archbishop of York's estate. Richard reveals he's aware of Edward's confinement location and that Edward occasionally has the liberty to go hunting. He's relayed a message to Edward, instructing him to hunt in a specific area where they can orchestrate his escape. Edward shows up, unites with his siblings, and they embark on their journey.

act 4 scene 6

Warwick and George come into the Tower holding the crown, accompanied by Henry, Oxford, Somerset, Montague, and young Henry, the Earl of Richmond. Henry appreciates his prison guard and shows gratitude to Warwick for his liberty. He expresses his desire to live a private life so his misfortune doesn't affect his people. He decides to keep the crown but hands over governance to Warwick. Warwick suggests George should be honoured too. Thus, Henry declares them both as Protectors of England while he withdraws from the public eye. George and Warwick commit themselves to govern and ensure a smooth transition for Prince Edward. Henry notices Somerset's nephew, the Earl of Richmond and praises him. He predicts that the boy will bring tranquillity to England and seems fitting to wear the crown. Suddenly, a messenger brings news of Edward's escape and his flight to Burgundy. The lords depart to attend to state affairs. Oxford and Somerset discuss the likelihood of Burgundy supporting Edward, leading to more impending conflicts. Somerset decides to safeguard Richmond by sending him to Brittany.

act 4 scene 7

Edward, Richard, and Hastings make their return to England alongside troops from Burgundy. They attempt to enter York, but the mayor resists. Edward convinces him, asserting that he's the rightful Duke of York and now backs King Henry. The mayor, swayed, allows them entry. Montgomery soon shows up, pledging his support to Edward. However, when Edward confirms he only wants to be recognized as duke for now, Montgomery threatens to withdraw his forces, stating his desire to serve a king, not a duke. Edward suggests they strategize or gain strength before trying to reclaim the throne. Hastings, on the other hand, pushes for immediate action. Edward is swayed by Hastings, and Montgomery agrees to champion Edward's cause. Edward expresses his gratitude to his backers.

act 4 scene 8

Henry, Warwick, Montague, Clarence, and Oxford are in a meeting and Warwick informs them about Edward's return with an army from Burgundy. Warwick tells the lords to prepare their troops for battle, after which they leave Henry. In a conversation between Henry and Exeter, Henry expresses confidence in Warwick's ability to defeat Edward's army. He reflects on his rule as a king, stating that he has been fair and just, fulfilling the needs of the nobility and the people without being oppressive or greedy. He wonders why some people prefer Edward over him. The scene shifts with the arrival of Edward and Richard, along with their soldiers. Edward demands Henry's capture and wishes to reclaim his title as king. He orders that Henry should be taken back to the Tower and commands his soldiers to confront Warwick on the battlefield.

act 5 scene 1

Warwick is informed that Montague and George's forces have arrived. Soon after, Edward and Richard show up with their soldiers. Edward questions Warwick's loyalty, asking if he will back him as king, but Warwick insists he should stay Duke of York. He claims that Edward owes him for his kingship, but now he favours Henry as king. Edward discloses that Henry is in jail. Warwick soon gets reinforcement from Oxford's army, followed by Montague, Somerset, and surprisingly, George. Edward inquires if George will also oppose his own brother. After discussing with Richard, George decides to sever ties with Warwick. He seeks forgiveness from his siblings which they grant. Edward challenges Warwick to send his army to battle, to which Warwick accepts.

act 5 scene 2

In the midst of conflict, Edward abandons an injured Warwick. Warwick realizes he's been defeated, comparing himself to a mighty tree that once shielded the throne. He reflects on how all of his territories have been reduced to the small patch of ground he's lying on. Somerset and Oxford arrive to inform Warwick of Margaret's return from France, leading a formidable army. They also bring the unfortunate news of Montague's death. Upon hearing this, Warwick draws his last breath.

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Edward, alongside his siblings Richard and George, revels in their victory over Warwick's army. Nonetheless, they are soon faced with the advancing troops of Margaret. Conversations ensue regarding their respective military forces before they proceed to the war front.

act 5 scene 4

Margaret comes in with Prince Edward, Somerset, and Oxford. She rallies her forces, comparing them to a ship's crew that's lost their captain and many shipmates, and with damaged masts. Despite the loss of Warwick and Montague, who were key to their strength, she believes Oxford and Somerset can fill their roles. She asserts that they must press on, despite the danger posed by Edward, George, and Richard. Prince Edward believes Margaret's words would inspire courage even in a coward. He tells those who are scared to depart. Oxford expresses astonishment that a woman and a young man display more bravery than many soldiers. A messenger comes in to announce that Edward is near. Edward comes on the scene, rallying his supporters to defeat his adversaries. Margaret points out to her troops that their king is captive and needs to be liberated. They then get ready for the fight.

act 5 scene 5

Edward, alongside Richard and George, enters the palace where Margaret, Oxford, and Somerset are held captive. Edward condemns Oxford and Somerset to prison and execution respectively. Prince Edward is then ushered in. Despite being held captive, the young prince commands Edward to relinquish the throne. After a flurry of insults from Richard, the young prince asserts his superiority over the treacherous brothers. In response, Edward, Richard, and George collectively murder the prince. Seeing this, Margaret collapses and Richard quietly leaves for the Tower. Regaining consciousness, Margaret grieves for her lost son, blaming Edward and his brothers for the child's death. Margaret begs George to end her life too, but he refuses. She then calls for Richard, but he's already left. She’s then taken away.

act 5 scene 6

Richard comes to Henry's cell in the Tower. Fearing Richard's intent to murder him, especially after hearing about his son's demise, Henry draws a comparison of his situation to the myth of Daedalus and Icarus. He likens Edward to the sun that caused Icarus' downfall, and Richard to the sea that swallowed him. Foreseeing a grim future, Henry prophesies that Richard's actions will cause immense grief for many: "Shall rue the hour that ever thou wast born. / The owl shrieked at thy birth--an evil sign... / Teeth hadst thou in thy head when thou wast born, / To signify thou cam'st to bite the world" (V.v.43-4,53-4). However, Richard interrupts him and kills Henry. As Richard ponders over Henry's corpse, he recalls his mother's description of his own peculiar birth. He contemplates his fate and expresses his solitary nature: "Then, since the heavens have shaped my body so, Let hell make crooked my mind to answer it. I have no father, I am like no father; I have no brother, I am like no brother; And this word 'love', which greybeards call divine, Be resident in men like one another And not in me--I am myself alone." (V.v.78-84) With Henry and his son dead, Richard plans to bring about George's downfall through spreading rumors about him. He leaves the scene with Henry's corpse.

act 5 scene 7

Edward makes his way into the royal chamber along with his queen, Lady Gray, George, Richard, Hastings, and his young son, Prince Edward. He retakes his throne, remarking on the numerous noblemen who lost their lives in order for him to reclaim it. At Edward's request, his brothers give his child a kiss. Although George does so willingly, Richard quietly likens himself to Judas, the biblical figure known for betraying his master. Edward comfortably settles into his throne. In response to George's query about how to handle Margaret, for whom the French have offered a ransom, he instructs George to return her to France. Edward also suggests marking the beginning of his reign with festivities and entertainment to delight the court.

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